Family Daphniidae

Ceriodaphnia acanthina Ross, 1897

Ceriodaphnia acanthina

C. acanthina was found in the open waters of Gardom Lake and Pinanton Lake. Samples were collected by a vertical plankton tow from a depth of 20 m to the surface. The ecology and geographical range of this rare species is not well documented. It has been reported in British Columbia from lakes in the northern dry belt (Cariboo-Quesnel region) and from Elbow Lake, Vancouver Island (Carl, 1940). Anderson (1974) documents it from two montane lakes from southwestern Alberta.

C. acanthina is distinguished by its reduced head and large heavily reticulated body extending to a broad based point along the dorsoposterior margin. The high fornices are expanded dorsolaterally, with a small dorsal plate, the fenestra, located along the anterior margin of the cervical notch. The postabdominal claw has a central pecten of about 24 spinules which are longer and heavier than the distal pecten.

Collection Localities: Gardom Lake 994-64-2; Pinanton Lake 983-945-1.

Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, 1894

C. dubia is synonymous with C. affinis Lilljeborg, with the earlier described species C. dubia taking precedence (Berner, 1986; Scourfield and Harding, 1958). This species was known only from the Palearctic region until C. affinis was reported from montane lakes and ponds in western British Columbia (Anderson, 1971) and lakes and ponds of Southern Ontario (Brandlova et al., 1972). Occurrence of this species in North America has not been well documented due to the fact that commonly used identification keys such as Brooks (1959) and Pennak (1989) do not describe it under either name.

C. dubia was collected from several lakes and ponds widely dispersed in the study area. Substrates varied from mud to a mixture of mud and rocks. Occurring mainly in nearshore waters, it was recorded from one planktonic sample from Shuswap Lake. Water temperatures were 15° C in May to 29° C in July. Conductivity and salinity ranged from 0 to 6000 mS/cm and 0 to 3.5 ‰ respectively. pH recorded from four locations was between 7.4 and 9.9.

There are two varieties of C. dubia based on differences in spinulation of the central pecten on the postabdominal claw. The coarse toothed variety has a central pecten of 8 to 16 prominent teeth followed by a distal pecten of fine spinules. The fine toothed variety has a central pecten of 18 to 28 spinules which are longer and heavier than the proximal and distal pectens.

Similarities in the postabdomen and ephippia of C. dubia and C. reticulata suggest that these two species are closely related. It is possible that the coarse toothed variety of C. dubia is a hybrid of the two species(Berner, 1986). Further research involving extensive examination of specimens and interbreeding experiments is required to clarify the taxonomy of these species.

Collection Localities: pond north of Blue Lake 994-142-4; pond, Hwy 3 south of Princeton 993-138-3,993-138-5; Kalamalka Lake lagoon 995-70-1; pond west of Kalamalka Lake 994-146-6; Cools pond, Vernon 995-69-1; pond south of Mabel Lake 994-204-5; Shuswap Lake, Salmon Arm 994-150-5; Batchelor Lake 994-155-2; Aleece Lake 989-200-22; Lac du Bois 994-216-3; Philips Lake 994-154-5; pond north of lac du Bois 994-157-3,994-213-3; pond Hwy 24 west of Little Fort 994-222-3.

Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O. F. Muller, 1785)

Previously recorded from the Okanagan Valley, Kamloops and Mclure by Carl (1940), C. quadrangula was collected among vegetation from a roadside slough off Hwy 1. Water was 15° C with a conductivity of 33 mS/cm and pH of 5.5. Generally found in acidic waters, C. quadrangula has been recorded from pH 4 to 9 (Anderson, 1974; Berzins and Bertilsson, 1990; Havens, 1991; Rask et al., 1986). Experiments by Galat & Robinson (1983) showed strong mortalities at salinities greater than 7 ‰.

C. quadrangula is found primarily among inshore weeds, but also occurs limnetically. Recent research suggests that C. quadrangula may be restricted to lakes and ponds of northern North America, and specimens reported elsewhere as C. quadrangula are possibly a new unrecognized species (Berner, 1989).

Of the four species of Ceridaphnia recorded during this study, C. quadrangula is the only species without a small dorsal plate, the fenestra, along the anterior margin of the cervical notch. The fornices are high, smoothly rounded, with a stout spine or hook at the tips. The postabdomen is narrow with a straight or slightly concave dorsal margin. Short spinules form a uniform row along the postabdominal claw.

Collection Localities: roadside slough off Hwy 1, 5 km east of Craigellachie CMNS 1983-01-146.

Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine, 1820)

C. reticulata was collected in shallow inshore waters from three lakes and one pond in the study area. Water temperature was 16° C and conductivity was 1000 mS/cm at August Lake. It has been recorded from pH 5.3 to 8.7 (Anderson, 1974; Sprules, 1975). Common in lakes and ponds throughout North America and Europe, it is predominantly a nearshore species, most often occurring among vegetation.

C. reticulata is small, not exceeding one millimetre, oval to round in shape with a depressed vertex nearly filled by the eye pigment. The fornices are low, rarely arched, and sometimes expanded laterally to a point with one to three teeth. A small dorsal plate, the fenestra, is located along the anterior margin of the cervical notch. The postabdominal claw has a central pecten of two to eight large triangular teeth, and a distal pecten of fine spinules which are more widely spaced than other species of the genus.

Collection Localities: pond off Hwy 3, 30.6 km south of Princeton 993-139-2; August Lake 994-139-8; Little Heffley Lake 983-675-2; Phinetta Lake 994-164-8.

Daphnia galeata Sars, 1864 ssp. mendotae Birge, 1918

Daphnia galeata mendotae was collected from seven lakes in the study area. Depth of collection at sites where it was recorded ranged from 4.88 m to the surface. One specimen was recorded from a vertical plankton tow from 50 metres but the depth at which it entered the net is unknown. Water temperature at two sites was recorded as 18.5° C and 23° C.

D. galeata mendotae is reported to be tolerant of a wide range of pH and light intensity (Hall, 1964). In Lake Michigan this species migrates vertically from a daytime depth of approximately 10 metres to shallower water near the surface approximately 1.5 hours after sunset, returning to their daytime depths about one hour before sunrise (Wells, 1960). Movement towards the surface is probably associated with feeding as filtering rates increase at night in shallower waters (Haney and Hall, 1975).

D. galeata mendotae is a large species in which the head is usually produced into a pointed helmet. It inhabits lakes primarily in northern regions of North America especially in previously glaciated areas. East of the Rockies it is known from the northeastern states and most of Canada, west of the Rockies it has been reported along the west coast of North America and in mountainous regions of Central America. It is not found in small ponds or temporary habitats. D. galeata mendotae usually occupies the upper layers of lakes, being somewhat more tolerant of warm temperatures than some other lake-dwelling species of Daphnia.

Differences in the shape of the head and number of anal spines between North American and European specimens of D. galeata are significant enough to designate North American specimens as a geographic subspecies D. galeata ssp. mendotae.

Collection Localities: Osoyoos Lake 993-95-4; Chain Lake 983-55-4,983-168-3; Ruth Lake 983-990-1; Nicola Lake 983-816-2,983-820-4,983-821-5,983-826-2,983-827-2,983-828-3,983-836-4; Mamit Lake 992-70-1; Shumway Lake 983-1020-3; White Lake 994-147-11.

Daphnia longiremis Sars, 1861

D. longiremis inhabits lakes throughout the northern parts of North America including all of Canada and the northern United States. It prefers cold waters and during summer temperature stratification it is generally restricted to deeper waters below the thermocline. In southern parts of it's range it prefers large lakes in which bottom water remains cool throughout the year. In northern areas where lakes and ponds remain cool year round, it may be found in smaller water bodies. In the spring and fall when lake waters cool down it can be found throughout the water column.

In this study D. longiremis was found from two large lakes in the study area, Nicola Lake and Shuswap Lake. The Shuswap Lake specimens were collected from a depth of 1.5 metres, in May before the surface waters warmed up. Temperature at the surface was 15° C with a conductivity of 625 mS/cm. D. longiremis has previously been reported from the Thompson-Okanagan region in Skaha Lake, Osoyoos Lake, Kalamalka Lake, Wood Lake and Okanagan Lake (Patalas and Salki, 1973) and from Shuswap Lake by Brooks (1957). During the study by Patalas and Salki (1973) it was the most abundant cladoceran in Kalamalka Lake and the second most abundant in Okanagan Lake. It was the only cladoceran collected deeper than 50 metres in Okanagan Lake.

D. longiremis is a small species with relatively long, slender second antennae. It is the only species of North American Daphnia in which the swimming setae of the second antennae extend past the posterior margin of the carapace when the antennae are reflexed. The most consistent character used to distinguish this species is the reduced length of the swimming seta arising from the second segment of the 3-segmented ramus of the second antennae.

Collection Localities: Nicola Lake 983-820-2; Shuswap Lake 994-150-9.

Daphnia magna Straus, 1820

Apparently uncommon in the Thompson-Okanagan, D. magna was collected only once during this study from a small, shallow pond near Lac du Bois north of Kamloops in May 1994. Specimens were collected amongst sedges at a depth of 0.3 m. The water temperature was 18.5° C with a salinity of 3 ‰. This species has previously been reported in the Thompson-Okanagan region from ponds near Kamloops by Carl (1940). It has also been collected in two saline lakes in the Chilcotin region of British Columbia. The conductivities of these lakes were 650 mS/cm in East Lake and 2350 mS/cm in Rock Lake (Reynolds, 1979). D. magna is a species found primarily in ponds containing large amounts of organic matter. Often found in marginal habitats such as saline ponds and small, temporary ponds which lack fish predators, D. magna is also occasionally found along the weedy edges of small lakes. It is more tolerant of low oxygen levels than some lake dwelling species (Heisey and Porter, 1977), an adaptation to living in marginal habitats where oxygen levels can fluctuate dramatically. Found throughout the temperate part of the northern hemisphere this species is widely distributed over most of Canada and the western United States but appears to be absent from the southeastern parts of the U.S. It has also been widely reported throughout Europe, Asia and North Africa (Brooks, 1957).

D. magna is easily distinguishable from other North American Daphnia by the deeply sinuate dorsal margin of the postabdomen. It is one of only two North American species in which the carapace continues anteriorly along the mid-dorsal line as a median strip between halves of the head shield.

Collection Localities: pond SE. of Lac du Bois 994-156-3.

Daphnia pulexLeydig, 1860 emend. Richard, 1896

D. pulex was collected from seven localities in the study area, from ponds and in three cases the margins of lakes. Depth of collection ranged from one metre to the surface. Water temperature at the time of collection varied from 11° C to 21° C. Conductivity ranged from 180 mS/cm to 6000 mS/cm. The salinity in Batchelor Lake was 3 ‰. D. pulex is primarily a pond-dweller although it is occasionally found in shallow water around the margins of lakes.

The taxonomy of Daphnia pulex is very confused. Daphnia species with a middle pecten of teeth on the postabdominal claw composed of teeth larger than the proximal or distal are often referred to as the pulex complex. These include D. pulex, D. pulicaria, D. middendorffiana Fisher, D. catawba Coker, and D. obtusa Kurz. North American specimens previously identified as D. schodleri Sars are now considered by many to be synonymous with D. pulicaria (Dodson, 1981). The characteristics used to separate these species are extremely variable and intermediates between these species occur often. Dodson (1981) tested the morphological variation of 18 characters using uni- and multivariate analyses and concluded that no single character or combination of characters could adequately separate the species in this complex, and that there was either one extremely variable species or a number of undescribed, closely related species. D. pulex is often extremely difficult to separate from D. pulicaria. Various authors have used length of tail spine, shape of rostrum, reticulation pattern on the rostrum, spinulation of the postabdomen etc. Males of these two species are easier to distinguish, the males of D. pulex have a long abdominal process that extends beyond the base of the abdominal setae, whereas D.pulicaria has a short abdominal process that does not reach the abdominal setae.

It is widely accepted that D. pulex is a species of small ponds with abundant organic matter and D. pulicaria is a resident of lakes. In this study specimens identified as D. pulex were found in Campbell Lake, Batchelor Lake and Lyons Lake. Although no information is available for the Lyons Lake sample the two other collections were from shallow water along the margins of the lakes. Batchelor Lake is a very small, shallow lake, considerable portions of which dry in the summer. The Campbell Lake collection was made in shallow water adjacent to a temporary pond beside the lake that contained a large population of D. pulex. Specimens identified as D. pulicaria were collected in the limnetic zone of Campbell Lake. D. pulex was not collected from the limnetic zone of any water body during this study.

Collection Localities: Campbell Lake 991-426-14; pond NE end Campbell Lake 991-425-8; pond at 10 km Hat Creek Rd 990-737-7; Batchelor Lake 994-155-3; pond NE of Aleece Lake 990-735-2,992-52-7; Lyons Lake 983-731-1; pond Hwy 5 south of Clearwater 994-234-1.

Daphnia pulicaria Forbes, 1893 emend. Hrbacek, 1959

This species was collected from 18 sites throughout the Thompson-Okanagan region. Primarily a resident of lakes it is occasionally found in ponds (five of the 18 sites in this study were from ponds). Depth of collection ranged from 23 m to 0.2 m. Water temperature ranged from 6° C to 23° C and conductivity varied from 0 to 1200 mS/cm.

D. pulicaria is found in a variety of habitats in Europe, Asia, North America, and Central America (Brooks, 1957; Dodson, 1981). It has been reported from high altitude glacial lakes and small eutrophic reservoirs in Europe (Hrbá_ková-Esslová, 1966). Evans (1985) found D. pulicaria to be the most abundant Daphnia in Lake Michigan as did Edmondson and Litt (1982) in Lake Washington.

D. pulicaria is considered by most authors as being synonymous with North American specimens reported as Daphnia schodleri Sars (Grogg, 1977; Dodson, 1981; Evans, 1985). As mentioned in the previous account this species can be very hard to separate from D. pulex and other species in the pulex complex because many intermediates exist. Some authors considered D. pulicaria to be a variety of D. pulex (Brooks, 1953; 1957). The males differ from other males in the pulex complex in the length of the sensory papillae on the antennule and by having a short abdominal process. Males however are not present in the population for much of the year due to parthenogenic reproduction so are often not available for examination. Characters used to distinguish D. pulicaria from D. pulex are length of tail spine, D. pulicaria generally has a longer tail spine (more than 1\3 of the carapace length) than D. pulex (less than 1\3 the carapace length), and shape of reticulations on the rostrum, D. pulex having almost symmetrical polygons while D. pulicaria has a number of elongate reticulations between the eye and end of the rostrum.

Generally D. pulicaria is more limnetic than D. pulex, occurring in lakes and permanent ponds. D. pulex was found in lakes only in shallow water close to shore. Hrbá_ková-Esslová (1966), and Brandlova et al. (1972) reported that D. pulicaria did not reproduce at a temperature of 28° C but D. pulex did, probably an adaptation to living in small ponds that may heat up in the summer.

Collection Localities: Green Lake 983-479-2; Smelter Lakes 983-1045-1,983-1046-2; Nickel-Plate Lake 983-812-6;Corbett Lake 983-215-2; Ruth Lake 983-990-2; Aberdeen Lake 983-74-3; shallow lake east of Ellison Prov. Park 994-145-2; Mamit Lake 992-70-2,992-70-5; Campbell Lake 992-42-1; Finney Lake 992-53-4; pond SE. of Lac du Bois 994-156-4; Lac du Bois 983-612-1,994-173-5; Philips Lake 994-154-6; pond N. of Lac du Bois 994-175-1,994-176-1; shallow pond N. of Lac du Bois 994-157-2,994-158-2; Birch Lake 983-105-2,994-224-3; pond Hwy 24 W. of Little Fort 994-163-4; Phinetta Lake 994-165-3.

Daphnia rosea Sars, 1862 emend. Richard, 1896

D. rosea was recorded from five lakes and one pond during this study. Depth of collection ranged from 30.5 m (maximum depth of plankton tow) to the surface. Water temperature was 22° C at one site and 23° C at two other sites. pH was recorded as 7.4 and 7.5. Conductivity was 40 mS/cm at Star Lake and 403 mS/cm at the pond site. This species has also been reported from the Thompson-Okanagan region in Pinantan Lake, Deer Lake and Chute Lake (Rawson, 1939).

D. rosea is a holarctic species with a wide distribution in North America and Eurasia. For many years this species' range in North America was thought to be confined to western areas (Brooks, 1957; Pennak, 1989). However Carter et al. (1980) reported D. rosea from 40 lakes in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. Anderson (1971) collected this species from two subalpine lakes and found it to be abundant only when congeneric species were absent. Although Brooks (1957) refers to this species as a resident of ponds and small lakes Pinel-Alloul et al. (1990) found D rosea in deep, clear lakes in Quebec, and Carter et al. (1980) recorded it only from lakes with a maximum depth of more than 18 m. During this study D. rosea was collected primarily from medium to large sized lakes (e.g. Azure Lake approx. 25 km long).

The head of D. rosea is twice as deep as long and may have a low rounded crest on the anterior margin but is never produced into a helmet. Teeth of all three pectens of the postabdominal claw are uniform.

Collection Localities: Nickel-Plate Lake 983-812-5; Lambly Lake 992-75-5; Corbett Lake 983-215-1; pond south of Mabel Lake 994-204-7; Star Lake 994-232-2; Azure Lake 983-54-3.

D. thorata Forbes, 1893

D. thorata was collected from nine lakes in the study area. Depth of collection ranged from 8 m to 0.3 m. Water temperature varied from 6° C to 28° C with conductivities from 25 to 625 mS/cm. pH at one site was recorded as 8.25. With the exception of two nearshore samples, this species was collected in planktonic samples. It has been previously recorded from the Thompson-Okanagan region in Okanagan, Kalamalka, Shuswap and Nicola Lakes by Brooks (1957) and Skaha, Osoyoos, Okanagan and Kalamalka Lakes by Patalas and Salki (1973).

D. thorata is a medium to large species that is found in larger lakes. It is not found in ponds or other shallow water bodies. It can be separated from other species of Daphnia by it's rounded helmet and by the presence of a concavity on the dorsal margin of the head at level of the most anterior antennal muscle. Brooks (1957) gives the range of D. thorata as, large lakes of Washington, Idaho, Montana and British Columbia. This species has since been reported from eastern Canada and the northeastern United States by Carter et al. (1980), and Patalas (1971) reported a species resembling D. thorata from northwestern Ontario.

Collection Localities: Okanagan Lake 994-86-3; Missezula Lake 983-783-2; Mabel Lake 994-205-1;Shuswap Lake 994-149-1,994-150-7; Mara Lake 995-95-6; Little White Lake 994-148-3; East Barriere Lake 994-220-3; Birch Lake 983-105-3,994-224-5; Phinetta Lake 994-165-1,994-168-1.

Megafenestra nasuta(Birge, 1879)

A single collection of M. nasuta was made from a roadside pond on Hwy 5 south of Clearwater in June 1994. Specimens were collected from the pond edge at a depth of 0.4 m. Pond water measured 21° C, with a neutral pH of 7.5 and conductivity 180 mS/cm. Substrate was mud.

Originally described as Scapholeberis nasuta Birge, M. nasuta has been previously recorded from Alberta, Canada (Riley Lake, Jasper National Park and a roadside pool, Elk Island National Park) and a spring fed ditch in Asuncion, Paraguay (Dumont and Pensaert, 1983). Species description by Birge indicates origin of type material from Madison, Wisconsin, or Cambridge, Massachussetts (Dumont and Pensaert, 1983). Royal British Columbia Museum specimens represent the first published record of this species in British Columbia. According to Dumont and Pensaert (1983), M. nasuta is the only species of Megafenestra known to occur in North America.

Megafenestra nasuta is characterized by a reduced tail spine and a small dorsal plate, the fenestra, located on the anterior edge of the cervical notch.

Collection localities: pond Hwy 5 South of Clearwater 994-234-9.

Scapholeberis rammneri Dumont and Pensaert, 1983

S. rammneri was recorded from lakes (both limnetic and littoral zones), small roadside ponds and a small slow moving creek, with a variety of mud, gravel, sand and clay substrates. Samples were collected from a depth of seven metres to the surface. Water temperatures were between 15.5° C and 23° C with a pH of 6 to 10.2. Conductivity measured 0 to 403 mS/cm for most locations, with two sites measuring greater than 1000 mS/cm (August Lake 1000, pond north of Lac du Bois 1600). Scapholeberis species frequently occur beyond the margin of vegetation and are often found cruising upside down along the surface of the water (Dodson and Frey, 1991; Fairchild, 1981). Scapholeberis rammneri is distinguished from other species within the genus by the broad triangular shaped rostrum.

Widespread in Europe, S. rammneri has been recorded from the Pyrenees northward to Scandinavia, and eastward to central Asia (Dumont and Pensaert, 1983). On the North American continent, S. rammneri has only been previously recorded from Riley Lake, Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. Royal British Columbia Museum specimens represent the first published records of S. rammneri west of the Rocky Mountains. However, information concerning the distribution of S. rammneri is incomplete due to confusion with S. mucronata (O.F. Muller) and the European species S. kingii Sars. The numerous locations recorded for S. rammneri in the Thompson-Okanagan region suggest that it is more common than previously reported.

Collection Localities: August Lake 994-139-7; Lambly Lake 992-75-10; pond S. of Mabel Lake 994-204-4; Kamloops Lake 992-65-8; Philips Lake 994-154-2; White Lake 994-147-2; small pond N. of Lac du Bois 994-214-4; Birch Lake 994-224-4; pond Hwy 24 W. of Little Fort 994-163-1; creek Hwy 5 S. of Clearwater 994-235-2; pond Hwy 5 S. of Clearwater 994-234-4; Star Lake 994-230-5,994-231-9,994-232-3.

Simocephalus serrulatus Koch, 1841

Recorded from 14 locations, S. serrulatus had a broad range in the study area. Inhabiting ponds, creeks and lakes, primarily with mud-sand substrates, specimens were restricted to shallow inshore waters. Samples were collected at a maximum depth of 1.5 m, with water temperatures varying from 13° C to 25° C. Conductivity ranged 0 to 800 mS/cm, with a salinity of 0.2 ‰ recorded at one site. Occurring between pH 7.4 and 8 from four locations in the study area, it has previously been recorded from a pH of 9 by Anderson (1974) and 4.9 by Havens (1991). Havens & DeCosta (1987) found that S. serrulatus was unaffected by rapid acidification from pH 7.2 to 4.5.

Exclusively littoral, it is often found attached to aquatic plants, using sticky mucus produced from a gland at the back of the neck (Dodson and Frey, 1991). S. serrulatus occurs in lakes of North America, Europe and Asia. It is found throughout British Columbia, including the northern boundaries and mountainous regions (Carl, 1940).

The Daphnid genus Simocephalus is identified by the presence of a cervical sinus, obliquely striated valves, and a reduced posterior spine. The presence of an apical spine on the second segment of the four segmented branch of the second antennae separates Simocephalus from Ceriodaphnia. S. serrulatus has an angulate vertex with serration or spinulation in front of or below the eye.

Collection Localities: slough off Rd. 22 N. of Osoyoos Lake 992-86-3; pond Hwy 3 S. of Princeton 993-138-4; Okanagan Lake 991-991-12; pond south of Mabel Lake 994-204-3; Oregon Jack Creek 989-207-11,989-208-21; Mara Lake 995-95-7; Philips Lake 994-154-8; Little White Lake 994-148-4; White Lake 994-147-6; creek Hwy 5 S. Clearwater 994-235-1; pond Hwy 24 W. of Little Fort 994-163-2, 994-222-2; pond Hwy 5 S. of Clearwater 994-234-2; Dutch Lake 994-233-2; Star Lake 994-231-5.

Simocephalus vetulusSchodler, 1855

Recorded from 29 sites, S. vetulus was the most commonly collected species in the study area. Habitats included lakes, large and small ponds and creeks. Specimens were collected from the littoral zone at a maximum depth of one metre. During the late spring and early summer months, water temperatures varied from 11° C to 32° C. S. vetulus occurred from 0 ‰ salinity to 6 ‰. Recorded from pH 5 to 10.2 during this study, and pH 4.5 from Lakes in Sweden (Berzins & Bertilsson, 1990), S. vetulus shows a wide pH tolerance. Substrates were primarily mud with a mixture of sand and gravel.

Widely distributed in lakes and ponds throughout Canada and the United States, this daphnid species occurs mainly within the littoral regions attached to the substrate or vegetation (Dodson and Frey, 1991; Hutchinson, 1967; Chengalath, 1982). Regarded by some as an uncommon species (Brooks, 1959; Pennak, 1989), S. vetulus was the most common species found by Chengalath (1982) in 356 sites sampled across Canada. In British Columbia it is uncommon at higher altitudes and along the northern boundaries of the province (Anderson, 1971; Carl, 1940).

S. vetulus characteristicly has an evenly rounded vertex without serration or spinulation and no blunt posterior spine.

Collection localities: pond N. of Blue Lake 994-142-6; pond off Hwy 3 S. of Princeton 993-138-2,993-139-1; August Lake 992-93-2; Wolfe Creek 994-140-1; pond eastside Glenmore Rd. Kelowna 994-144-4; small pond S. of Courtenay Lake 992-20-15; pond Hwy 5 E. of Merrit 994-200-6; pond SE. of Ellison Park 994-146-4; pond W. of Kalamalka Lake 994-201-2; pond south of Mabel Lake 994-204-2; pond north end Campbell Lake 992-44-7; saline pond Venables Valley 989-222-2; Barnes Lake 989-194-4; Oregon Jack Creek 989-207-12; temporary puddle at 11 km Hat Creek Rd 992-28-8,992-49-6; pond at 10 km Hat Creek Rd 989-201-4,989-202-3,989-204-14; Batchelor Lake 991-428-3, 994-155-1,994-210-2; Finney Lake 989-197-16,989-198-1; pond NE of Aleece Lake 989-196-7,992-52-8; pond SE of Lac du Bois 994-156-1; Lac du Bois 994-174-1, 994-216-2; Philips Lake 994-154-7; pond N. of Lac du Bois 994-157-4,994-158-1,994-175-2,994-212-4,994-213-2,994-214-5; pond Hwy 24 W. of Little Fort 994-163-3,994-222-2; pond Hwy 5 S. of Clearwater 994-234-3; Dutch lake 994-233-3; Star Lake 994-231-8.

Cladocerans of the Thompson-Okanagan Region  
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